MEASURING ANYTHING THAT EXISTS
    Conceptions, Concepts, and Reality
    Conceptions as Constructs
CONCEPTUALIZATION
    Indicators and Dimensions
    The Interchangeability of Indicators
    Real, Nominal, and Operational Definitions
    Creating Conceptual Order
    An Example of Conceptualization: The Concept of Anomie
DEFINITIONS IN DESCRIPTIVE AND EXPLANATORY STUDIES
OPERATIONALIZATION CHOICES
    Range of Variation
    Variations Between the Extremes
    A Note on Dimensions
    Defining Variables and Attributes
    Levels of Measurement
    Single or Multiple Indicators
    Some Illustrations of Operationalization Choices
    Operationalization Goes On and On
CRITERIA OF MEASUREMENT QUALITY
    Precision and Accuracy
    Reliability
    Validity
    Who Decides What’s Valid?
    Tension Between Reliability and Validity